UPI transaction Daily limit fixed. PhonePe, Gpay, Amazon Pay, and Paytm have set a daily limit for UPI transactions. Check the new limit here.

As digital cash becomes more prevalent, more people are opting for online transactions over cash. The use of online transactions is on the rise in many countries, with many individuals choosing to pay through UPI.

If you use UPI for payments, it's important to know that your bank has a transaction limit. This means that you can only send or receive a certain amount of money through the UPI app each day. Each bank has its own daily limit for UPI transactions. 

Additionally, different banks also have different limits for the amount of money that can be sent or received in a single transaction. However, you will not be charged extra for making payments through these apps.

Transaction limit:

The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has set a limit of transactions up to Rs 1 lakh per day for UPI users. However, this limit may vary between banks, with Canara Bank having a limit of Rs 25,000 and SBI having a limit of Rs 1 lakh. 

Additionally, there is a limit of 20 daily UPI transfers. Once the limit is reached, users must wait 24 hours before being able to renew it. It's worth noting that different UPI apps may have different transaction limits.

Amazon Pay:

Amazon Pay has set a cap of Rs 1 lakh for UPI payments made through its platform. New users who have registered for Amazon Pay UPI will have a limit of Rs 5,000 for transactions within the first 24 hours. Additionally, the number of transactions per day is determined by the user's bank and is set at 20.

Google Pay:

Google Pay, also known as Gpay, allows Indian users to make payments up to INR 100,000 using UPI throughout the day. However, there is a daily transaction limit of 10, with a maximum amount of INR 10,000 per transaction. Google Pay does not have any hourly transaction limit.

PhonePe:

PhonePe has established a maximum daily limit of Rs 1 lakh for transactions made through UPI on the app. However, users can still make up to 10 or 20 transactions per day on PhonePe. There is currently no hourly transaction limit set by the platform.

Paytm:

With Paytm UPI, you can transfer a maximum of Rs 1 lakh per day, and only Rs 20,000 per hour. Additionally, you can make a maximum of 5 transactions per hour and 20 transactions per day using the app.

Open Sidebar Science Behind the comet in galaxy

The universe is a vast and mysterious place, filled with countless galaxies, stars, and other celestial bodies. One of the most fascinating of these is the comet, a small, icy body that travels through space at high speeds. These comets have captured the imaginations of scientists and the general public alike for centuries, and their study has led to a wealth of new knowledge about the universe.

The science behind comets is quite complex, but it can be broken down into a few key components. First, comets are made up of a mixture of ice, dust, and rock. This mixture is known as the "nucleus" of the comet, and it is the core of the comet that gives it its characteristic shape. The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of gas and dust, called the "coma," which is created as the comet approaches the sun and the ice on the nucleus begins to melt.

As the comet moves closer to the sun, the coma becomes more and more active, with gas and dust streaming away from the nucleus. This creates the comet's "tail," which can be hundreds of thousands of kilometers long. The tail always points away from the sun, as the pressure of sunlight pushes the gas and dust away from the nucleus.

Comets are thought to have formed in the early days of the solar system, when the sun and its planets were still forming. They are believed to have originated in the outer reaches of the solar system, in a region known as the "Kuiper Belt." This region is filled with small, icy bodies, many of which are thought to be the building blocks of comets.

Over time, these comets were pushed and pulled by the gravity of the outer planets, and some were eventually sent on a collision course with the inner solar system. As they approached the sun, their ice began to melt and they began to develop their characteristic comas and tails.

Comets can be studied in a variety of ways, including through telescopes, spacecraft, and even by sending robotic landers to their surfaces. This research has revealed a wealth of information about these fascinating celestial bodies. For example, scientists have discovered that comets have a wide range of sizes and shapes, and that their nuclei are made up of a variety of different materials, including water ice, carbon dioxide ice, and even solid rock.

In addition to providing insights into the formation and evolution of the solar system, the study of comets has also led to new knowledge about the wider universe. For example, scientists believe that comets may have played a key role in the formation of planets around other stars. They also think that comets may have brought water and other life-forming elements to the early Earth, helping to pave the way for the development of life as we know it.

Overall, the study of comets is a fascinating and ongoing field of research that continues to reveal new and exciting insights into the universe. As scientists continue to study these mysterious and beautiful celestial bodies, we can look forward to many more discoveries about the nature of the cosmos and our place within it.

Root Canal Treatment | What Happens If You Delay Root Canal Therapy?

 

What is a Root Canal?

A root canal is a dental procedure that is used to treat a tooth that has become infected or inflamed at the pulp (the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels). The procedure involves removing the damaged or infected pulp, cleaning and disinfecting the inside of the tooth, and then filling and sealing it to prevent further infection. Root canals are usually performed by dentists or endodontists, who are specialists in treating the inside of the tooth.

 

There are several signs that may indicate that a person needs a root canal. These can include:

1. Severe toothache or pain when biting or chewing
2. Sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures that lingers after the stimulus is removed
3. Tenderness or swelling of the gums near the painful tooth
4. Darkening of the tooth
5. A small, pimple-like bump on the gums near the painful tooth
6. Pain when you press on the tooth
7. Foul-tasting drainage from the infected tooth

If you experience any of these symptoms, you should see a dentist or endodontist as soon as possible. They will be able to diagnose the problem and determine if a root canal is the best course of treatment for you. It's worth noting that some people may not experience any symptoms at all and the dentist or endodontist may discover the problem during routine examination.

 

What Happens if You Delay Root Canal Therapy?

Root canal therapy is a common dental procedure that is used to treat infected or inflamed pulp (the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels). This procedure can save a damaged or infected tooth that would otherwise need to be extracted, and is typically recommended when a tooth is in danger of dying or has died due to infection or injury.

However, some patients may delay or avoid root canal therapy due to fear, cost, or lack of understanding of the procedure. Unfortunately, delaying or avoiding root canal therapy can lead to several serious complications, including the following:

1. Spread of infection: If a tooth is infected, the bacteria can spread to the surrounding tissues and even to other parts of the body. This can lead to severe pain, swelling, and even abscesses. In extreme cases, the infection can spread to the jawbone, sinuses, or even the brain, which can be life-threatening.
2. Loss of the tooth: If a tooth is allowed to die, it will eventually fall out or need to be extracted. This can lead to problems with chewing and speaking, and may also cause other teeth to shift out of place. Additionally, the gap left by a missing tooth can cause the surrounding teeth to become overloaded, which can lead to further dental
   
   
   problems.
3. Development of cavities: If a tooth is infected, it can become weak and brittle. This can lead to the development of cavities, which can further weaken the tooth and make it more susceptible to breaking or chipping.
4. Need for additional treatment: If a tooth is not treated promptly, it may require additional procedures such as a crown, bridge or implant to restore the function and aesthetics of the tooth. These procedures are usually more costly and time-consuming than a root canal.
5. Pain and discomfort: The most obvious side effect of delaying root canal therapy is pain. An infected tooth can cause severe pain and discomfort, especially when biting or chewing. This pain can make it difficult to eat, sleep, and even speak.

Advantage of root canal to the point

The main advantage of a root canal is that it can save a damaged or infected tooth that would otherwise need to be extracted. By removing the infected or inflamed pulp and sealing the tooth, the procedure can eliminate pain and prevent further infection, which can help to preserve the tooth and the patient's overall oral health. Additionally, a root canal can help to prevent the spread of infection to other teeth or to other areas of the body. Root canal also prevent the need of a bridge or implant which are costly and time consuming, preserve the natural tooth and improve the overall aesthetic of the smile.

 

What are the steps on root canal treatment:

The steps of a root canal treatment typically include the following:

Initial examination: The dentist or endodontist will examine the tooth and take X-rays to determine the extent of the infection or inflammation. They will also discuss the procedure with the patient and answer any questions they may have.

1. Local anaesthesia: The tooth and surrounding area will be numbed with a local anaesthetic to minimize any pain or discomfort during the procedure.

2. Isolation: The tooth is then isolated with a dental dam to keep it clean and dry during the procedure.

3. Access: A small hole is made in the top of the tooth to access the pulp chamber and root canals.

4. Cleaning: The infected or inflamed pulp is removed from the pulp chamber and root canals using small instruments called files. The canals are then cleaned and disinfected to remove any remaining debris and bacteria.

5. Shaping: The canals are then shaped to allow for proper filling.

6. Filling: The canals are filled with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha and sealed with a cement-like material called sealer.

7. Restoration: A temporary filling is placed in the tooth to protect it until a permanent restoration (such as a crown or filling) can be placed.

8. Follow-up: The patient will need to return for a follow-up visit to have the temporary filling removed and a permanent restoration placed. The dentist will also check the tooth to ensure that it is healing properly.

 

In conclusion, root canal therapy is an important procedure that can save a damaged or infected tooth. However, delaying or avoiding the procedure can lead to serious complications, including the spread of infection, loss of the tooth, development of cavities, need for additional treatment, and pain and discomfort. If you suspect that you may need a root canal, it is important to see a dentist or endodontist as soon as possible to receive the proper treatment.

 

 

 

Open Sidebar Science Behind Black Hole

Open Sidebar Science Behind Black Hole (image source: istockphoto) 

Black holes are some of the most mysterious and fascinating objects in the universe. They are incredibly dense regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. Despite their name, black holes are not actually "holes" in the traditional sense. They are instead extremely dense regions of matter that have collapsed in on themselves, creating a singularity at their center.

The science behind black holes is rooted in the theory of general relativity, which was developed by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. According to this theory, the presence of massive objects causes the fabric of spacetime to warp and bend. This warping effect is what creates the intense gravitational pull that we associate with black holes.

One of the key predictions of general relativity is the existence of "event horizons." This is the boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing can escape. Once an object crosses the event horizon, it is doomed to be pulled towards the black hole's singularity.

The most common type of black hole is the stellar black hole, which forms when a massive star dies and its core collapses. The size of a stellar black hole is determined by the mass of the dying star. Black holes can also be much larger, known as supermassive black holes, which are thought to reside at the center of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy.

Black holes are also known for their intense gravitational pull, known as "spaghettification" which causes a material to be pulled apart by gravity. This is due to the fact that the gravitational pull is stronger closer to the black hole, and weaker further away.

Black holes also emit radiation, known as Hawking radiation, which is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking who first predicted it. This radiation is caused by the quantum mechanical effect of the black hole's intense gravity.

Black holes are also known to merge with other black holes. When two black holes merge, they create a larger black hole, and release an enormous amount of energy in the form of gravitational waves. These waves were first detected in 2015, by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).

In conclusion, black holes are incredibly complex and mysterious objects that continue to fascinate scientists and the general public alike. They are formed by the collapse of massive stars, and are defined by their intense gravitational pull and event horizons. They emit radiation and merge with other black holes. The science behind black holes is rooted in the theory of general relativity, and the study of black holes continues to be an active area of research in the field of astrophysics.

Game Addiction and It's Consequences | Few Tips To Help Prevent Game Addiction

Game addiction, also known as video game addiction, refers to excessive or compulsive engagement in video games. It can be characterized by a loss of control over how much time is spent playing, difficulty stopping or cutting back on gaming, and negative consequences as a result of gaming, such as neglecting responsibilities or relationships. Some individuals may experience withdrawal symptoms when not playing, and may continue to play despite knowing that it is causing problems in their life.

It is important to note that while video game addiction is a real issue, it is relatively rare among gamers. If you or someone you know is experiencing difficulty controlling their gaming behavior, it's important to seek professional help.

Why people addict to game:

People may become addicted to games for a variety of reasons. Some people use games as a way to escape from stress or negative emotions in their real lives. Games can provide a sense of accomplishment, social connection, and even a feeling of control, which can be very rewarding. Additionally, games are often designed to be highly engaging and can be very difficult to put down. The use of rewards and positive reinforcement in games also contributes to the addictive nature of games. Some people may be more susceptible to addiction due to underlying mental health conditions or a family history of addiction.

Game Addiction Consequences:

Game addiction can lead to a variety of negative consequences, including social isolation, poor academic or job performance, and financial problems. It can also lead to physical health issues such as carpal tunnel syndrome and poor posture. Additionally, excessive gaming can interfere with the development of healthy relationships and coping skills, and can contribute to the development of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

Here are a few ways to help prevent game addiction and keep yourself safe while gaming:

Top 15 reasons for workout that can change your life totally

Improving overall health and fitness: Regular exercise can help improve cardiovascular health, lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.

Data Science vs Software Engineering: Do You Know the Difference?

Data Science vs Software Engineering, what is the Difference.(image source: GFG )

Data science and software engineering are two fields that have a lot in common, but also have distinct differences. Both fields play a crucial role in the development of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, IoT, Cloud, and Blockchain. However, there is often confusion about where one field ends and the other begins.

One of the main differences between data science and software engineering is the use of data. Software engineers are primarily involved in front-end or back-end development, developing operating systems, and designing software. They do not typically need to use data as the software programs are supposed to be universal and work for any type of data. On the other hand, data scientists work on predictive models and develop machine-learning capabilities based on the data generated by those models.

Another difference is the type of algorithms used. Software engineering is meant for creating tools and products that can generate the same result every time they run. Data science, on the other hand, is more focused on predicting outcomes rather than delivering fixed results. Data science relies heavily on mathematics and statistics, and the predictions made by data scientists are based on probability rather than certainty.

Data scientists and software engineers also use different tools. Software engineers typically use SQL databases and programming languages such as Java, JavaScript, and Python. Data scientists, on the other hand, use SQL databases and Hadoop data stores, as well as Excel and statistical software such as SAS and R. Python is the most commonly used programming language in data science, and data scientists also use tools such as Jupyter, which allows them to document their process as they work.

Finally, data scientists and software engineers also have different degrees of autonomy. Software engineers often work in large groups, as code development is a collective task. Data scientists, on the other hand, may have more autonomy and may work independently or in smaller teams.

In conclusion, data science and software engineering are two fields that have a lot in common, but also have distinct differences. Understanding these differences is crucial for anyone looking to pursue a career in either field.

AirDroid | Transfer files across devices, remote control Android devices to makes work and life more efficient with the help of AirDroid.

What is AirDroid ?

AirDroid is a remote management tool that allows users to access and control their Android devices from a web browser on a computer. It allows users to transfer files, receive and send text messages, manage apps, and perform other tasks without the need for a USB cable. It is available as a mobile app and a desktop program.

AirDroid

There are several ways to transfer files between a phone and a desktop or laptop:

1. USB cable: Connect your phone to your computer using a USB cable, and then use the computer's file explorer to copy files between the two devices.
2. Bluetooth: Turn on Bluetooth on both devices and pair them, then use the file explorer on both devices to transfer files.
3. Cloud storage: Use a cloud storage service such as Google Drive, Dropbox, or iCloud to upload files from your phone and then download them on your computer.
4. WiFi Direct: Use WiFi Direct to transfer files between devices that support this feature.
5. Remote management tool like AirDroid: Install AirDroid on your phone and connect to the same network as your computer and use the AirDroid web to access your phone and transfer files.
6. Email: Attach the files you want to transfer to an email and send it to yourself. Then open the email on the other device and download the attachments.
7. Phone to Phone: Use a third-party app like ShareIt, Xender, or Send Anywhere, to transfer files between phones.

To transfer files using a remote management tool like AirDroid, 
you can follow these steps:

1. Download and install the AirDroid app on your Android device, and the AirDroid desktop program on your computer. Click on this official direct download page link : Download
2. Connect your device to the same Wi-Fi network as your computer.
3. Open the AirDroid app on your device and tap "Start" to begin the connection process.
4. On your computer, open the AirDroid desktop program and enter the IP address displayed on your device into the program.
5. Once connected, you will be able to see your device's files in the AirDroid desktop program. You can drag and drop files to and from your device and computer.
6. To transfer files specifically, you can go to "Files" tab on the left sidebar of AirDroid desktop client, and then select the files you want to transfer, right click and choose “Download” or “Upload” to transfer files between phone and computer.

Official link: www.airdroid.com

Note: If you're not on the same wifi network, you can also connect your device and computer using a QR code, which can be scanned by the AirDroid app on your device to establish a connection.

JEE Mains' January 2023 registration last date today. Here is how to apply

Today, January 12th is the final day to register for the IIT JEE Main 2023. The registration link will be closed by the National Testing Agency (NTA), the organization responsible for administering the exam, at 9 pm.

Applicants for JEE Mains can submit their applications online at jeemain.nta.nic.in. The examination will take place in two rounds in 2023, with the first round scheduled for January 24 to 31 and the second round scheduled for April 6 to April 12. The National Testing Agency (NTA) has stated that the JEE Main 2023 admit cards will be released in the third week of January, 2023 and the exam cities will be announced in the second week of January.

The National Testing Agency (NTA) has announced that the JEE Mains exams will be held in two shifts, one in the morning and one in the evening. The morning shift will take place from 9 am to 12 pm, while the evening shift will be held from 3 pm to 6 pm. Candidates who pass the JEE Mains exam will be eligible to take the JEE Advanced exam.

JEE Mains' January 2023 registration last date today. Here is how to apply. (Representative image)

To register for JEE Main 2023, follow these steps:

1. Go to the JEE Mains NTA website, jeemain.nta.nic.in.
2. Enter your email address and mobile phone number to generate an "application number."
3. Use this application number to complete the JEE Main 2023 application form.
4. Upload scanned documents such as a photo and signature.
5. Pay the application fee online.
6. Submit the application.
7. Download, save, and print the confirmation page for your records.

Recently, the Bombay High Court denied a request to delay the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Mains 2023. However, the National Testing Agency (NTA) has made adjustments to the requirements for admission. Now, candidates who are among the top 20% of those who pass their board exams are also eligible for admission if they have an all-India rank in the JEE Main. According to the updated criteria, candidates must have earned at least 75% in their Class 12 exam or be in the top 20 percentile of their respective board's Class 12 examination. For students from Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, the minimum passing marks are 65% in the Class 12 exam, according to the NTA.

How UV ray from smart phone can damage our eyes and how to protect your eyes

How UV ray from smart phone can damage our eyes:

As technology continues to advance, we are becoming increasingly reliant on our smartphones for everything from communication to entertainment. However, as we spend more time staring at our screens, we may not be aware of the potential harm that the ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted by our devices can cause to our eyes.

UV rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that are invisible to the human eye. They are present in sunlight and can also be emitted by certain types of artificial light, including the screens of our smartphones. Exposure to UV rays can cause damage to the eyes, including cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and even cancer.

One of the main ways that UV rays from smartphones can damage our eyes is through a phenomenon known as "blue light." Blue light is a type of high-energy visible light that is emitted by screens, and it is particularly harmful to our eyes. Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to blue light can lead to eye strain, headaches, and even insomnia.

Another way that UV rays from smartphones can harm our eyes is by increasing our risk of developing cataracts. Cataracts are a common condition that occurs when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, making it difficult to see. UV rays can damage the proteins in the lens, leading to the formation of cataracts.

To protect our eyes from the harmful effects of UV rays from smartphones, there are several things we can do. One of the most effective ways is to limit our exposure to screens, especially in the evening when the blue light is most intense. We can also invest in blue light-blocking glasses or filters for our screens to reduce our exposure to blue light.

There are a few ways to protect your eyes from the blue light emitted by smartphones:

Take these steps: Reduce screen time: Limit the amount of time you spend looking at your phone's screen. Adjust screen settings: Most smartphones have a "night mode" or "blue light filter" setting that reduces the amount of blue light emitted from the screen. Wear glasses: Consider wearing glasses that have a special coating to filter out blue light. Consider wearing UV-blocking glasses or a screen protector that specifically states it blocks UV rays. Adjustment: Hold your phone farther away from your face. Take breaks: Give your eyes a break every 20 minutes by looking away from the screen for at least 20 seconds. It is important to note that exposure to blue light at night can disrupt your sleep, so it's a good idea to limit your exposure to blue light at night. * In conclusion, UV rays from smartphones can cause serious damage to our eyes if we are not careful. By limiting our exposure to screens, investing in blue light-blocking glasses, and taking other steps to protect our eyes, we can help keep our vision healthy and prevent future eye problems. In addition, it is important to make sure we are getting enough sleep and taking regular breaks when using our smartphones. We should also be sure to eat a healthy diet and get regular exercise to help keep our eyes healthy.

  

BUSINESS DINING ETIQUETTE

BUSINESS DINING ETIQUETTE

 

WhatsApp, Instagram And Facebook Servers Down Worldwide

WhatsApp, Instagram and Facebook services are down. The outage issue seems to be around DNS servers. Facebook has confirmed working on a fix.

WhatsApp seems stopped operating, users are unable to send some messages, photos, videos and voice messages. Instead, users simply see a message reading "download failed" and also the content won't arrive. Unusually, a preview of the image will seem. However, it's fuzzy and also the details can not be seen.

People from the Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Sri Lanka, the US, and more are commenting about their issues, with many saying that they are heading to Twitter.
Popular apps owned by parent company Facebook, Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram are experiencing outages in many regions. All seem to not be working on either Web or their respective smartphone apps. Users are unable to send or receive new messages.

According to Downdetector, the outages appear to have started around 11:40 am ET/9:10 pm IST.

Downdetector graph shows Facebook is down on October 4, 2021

Users worldwide have taken to their Twitter handles to share their views on this issue.

*Sincere* apologies to everyone impacted by outages of Facebook powered services right now.  We are experiencing networking issues and teams are working as fast as possible to debug and restore as fast as possible — Mike Schroepfer.

*Sincere* apologies to everyone impacted by outages of Facebook powered services right now. We are experiencing networking issues and teams are working as fast as possible to debug and restore as fast as possible

— Mike Schroepfer (@schrep) October 4, 2021

"Sorry, something went wrong. We're working on it and we'll get it fixed as soon as we can," a message on the Facebook website said when trying to load. 

Meanwhile, the social-media giant's instant messaging platform WhatsApp was also down for over 14,000 users, while Messenger was down for nearly 3,000 users.

"We’re aware that some people are having trouble accessing our apps and products. We’re working to get things back to normal as quickly as possible, and we apologize for any inconvenience," a Facebook company spokesperson said. 

To the huge community of people and businesses around the world who depend on us: we're sorry. We’ve been working hard to restore access to our apps and services and are happy to report they are coming back online now. Thank you for bearing with us.

— Facebook (@Facebook) October 4, 2021

WhatsApp too reached out to its users via Twitter to acknowledge the outage:

We’re aware that some people are experiencing issues with WhatsApp at the moment. We’re working to get things back to normal and will send an update here as soon as possible. 

Thanks for your patience!   

We’re aware that some people are experiencing issues with WhatsApp at the moment. We’re working to get things back to normal and will send an update here as soon as possible.

Thanks for your patience!

— WhatsApp (@WhatsApp) October 4, 2021

 Instagram and friends are having a little bit of a hard time right now, and you may be having issues using them. Bear with us, we’re on it! #instagramdown

Instagram and friends are having a little bit of a hard time right now, and you may be having issues using them. Bear with us, we’re on it! #instagramdown

— Instagram Comms (@InstagramComms) October 4, 2021

📌Update after 7 hours: It's been a long time, now everything is fine, the server is much better. Everything is going to be accessible. The announcement is made from their own official Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram account on Twitter. But WhatsApp apologies to everyone who hasn’t been able to use WhatsApp today. They are starting to slowly and carefully get WhatsApp working again. They will continue to keep us updated when they have more information to share. For more updates follow their official Twitter account.

Who actually invented wireless telegraphy, Jagadish Chandra Bose or Marconi

The question remains!!!

They have faced conflicts in many ways, first as Indians and then as Bengalis. Shouldn't Jagadish Chandra Bose have rights on the Nobel Prize that Marconi won in 1909 jointly with Karl Ferdinand Braun? Who invented wireless telegraphy in 1895 and what is the actual history behind the invention of wireless telegraph? Isn't that honor that Marconi got for the development of wireless telegraphy using the theory of Jagadish Chandra Bose? Isn't ? Even today, many people listen to this debate and ask, what exactly did Jagadish Chandra Bose make that Marconi get success using his theory? The question remains.

Image of Jagadish Chandra Bose

Who is Jagadish Chandra Bose and what is the contribution of him?

Coherer receiver, by Guglielmo Marconi, 1896

He was the first scientist who discover that plants have the same life cycle as living organisms, they also give rise to excitement. He proved that trees can feel pain. He invented the crescograph to analyze and understand the effectiveness of various stimuli in plants. The science behind capturing radio waves is first demonstrated by Jagadish Chandra Bose. He wrote two books: ‘Response in the Living and Non-living’ and ‘The Nervous Mechanism of Plants’. He also conducted research on radio waves. He improved an instrument called the Coherer that was used to detect radio waves. This is the contribution of Jagadish Chandra Bose. In December 1895  the british magazine, The Electrician, praised this Coherer instrument. In April 1899, The Proceedings of The Royal Society published Jagadish Chandra Bose's research paper.

The circuit of a coherer receiver

But now, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose’s place in history has been re-evaluated by IEEE, and is credited with the invention of the world’s first wireless detection device. Marking the 100th anniversary of the diode and the 50th anniversary of the transistor, a special issue of the New York-based Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE), made out a definitive case for Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, the Indian biologist and physicist.

Bose’s wireless demonstration was remarkable for a couple of reasons. First, it was two years before Marconi’s first public demonstrations of wireless telegraphy in England. Also Marconi was interested in commercializing, Bose’s interest was purely academic. Bose refused to patent nearly all of his inventions that would spring from his tiny workshop, on the principle that ideas should be shared freely.

 

History:

He never patented his work. While Marconi was celebrating his discovery, Bose was unknown to many, as he never patented his work. He developed a component of the electrical circuit that could be used to receive radio signals Uninterruptedly. This device is called Coherer. Before the invention of Jagadish Chandra Bose, all the coherer that was available in the market had a flaw. Once the electromagnetic signal was received, it took some time to return again to a functional state. There was nothing fault of the Coherer system, which he make in U-shaped tube using mercury and iron. In December 1895  the british magazine, The Electrician, praised this  instrument. In April 1899, The Proceedings of The Royal Society published Jagadish Chandra Bose's research paper.

Image of Marconi with coherer

Interestingly again, Jagdish Chandra's notebook was mysteriously lost during a visit to London the same year. There was a perfect explanation about this coherer. But Marconi said that he knew nothing about it. He received the coherer from a Lieutenant of the Italian Navy and his childhood friend Luigi Solari. Prabir Bandyopadhyay, a Bengali technologist at The Johnson Space Center in Houston, wrote a great article on this subject. It was published in The Proceedings of IEEE, a world-renowned organization in New York. The full name of the company is Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers. Prabir Bandyopadhyay in his long article of twenty-seven pages shows that Marconi skillfully played hide and seek with his coherer. This Italian technologist did not reveal the actual information.