Open Sidebar Science Behind the comet in galaxy

The universe is a vast and mysterious place, filled with countless galaxies, stars, and other celestial bodies. One of the most fascinating of these is the comet, a small, icy body that travels through space at high speeds. These comets have captured the imaginations of scientists and the general public alike for centuries, and their study has led to a wealth of new knowledge about the universe.

The science behind comets is quite complex, but it can be broken down into a few key components. First, comets are made up of a mixture of ice, dust, and rock. This mixture is known as the "nucleus" of the comet, and it is the core of the comet that gives it its characteristic shape. The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of gas and dust, called the "coma," which is created as the comet approaches the sun and the ice on the nucleus begins to melt.

As the comet moves closer to the sun, the coma becomes more and more active, with gas and dust streaming away from the nucleus. This creates the comet's "tail," which can be hundreds of thousands of kilometers long. The tail always points away from the sun, as the pressure of sunlight pushes the gas and dust away from the nucleus.

Comets are thought to have formed in the early days of the solar system, when the sun and its planets were still forming. They are believed to have originated in the outer reaches of the solar system, in a region known as the "Kuiper Belt." This region is filled with small, icy bodies, many of which are thought to be the building blocks of comets.

Over time, these comets were pushed and pulled by the gravity of the outer planets, and some were eventually sent on a collision course with the inner solar system. As they approached the sun, their ice began to melt and they began to develop their characteristic comas and tails.

Comets can be studied in a variety of ways, including through telescopes, spacecraft, and even by sending robotic landers to their surfaces. This research has revealed a wealth of information about these fascinating celestial bodies. For example, scientists have discovered that comets have a wide range of sizes and shapes, and that their nuclei are made up of a variety of different materials, including water ice, carbon dioxide ice, and even solid rock.

In addition to providing insights into the formation and evolution of the solar system, the study of comets has also led to new knowledge about the wider universe. For example, scientists believe that comets may have played a key role in the formation of planets around other stars. They also think that comets may have brought water and other life-forming elements to the early Earth, helping to pave the way for the development of life as we know it.

Overall, the study of comets is a fascinating and ongoing field of research that continues to reveal new and exciting insights into the universe. As scientists continue to study these mysterious and beautiful celestial bodies, we can look forward to many more discoveries about the nature of the cosmos and our place within it.

Open Sidebar Science Behind Black Hole

Open Sidebar Science Behind Black Hole (image source: istockphoto) 

Black holes are some of the most mysterious and fascinating objects in the universe. They are incredibly dense regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. Despite their name, black holes are not actually "holes" in the traditional sense. They are instead extremely dense regions of matter that have collapsed in on themselves, creating a singularity at their center.

The science behind black holes is rooted in the theory of general relativity, which was developed by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. According to this theory, the presence of massive objects causes the fabric of spacetime to warp and bend. This warping effect is what creates the intense gravitational pull that we associate with black holes.

One of the key predictions of general relativity is the existence of "event horizons." This is the boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing can escape. Once an object crosses the event horizon, it is doomed to be pulled towards the black hole's singularity.

The most common type of black hole is the stellar black hole, which forms when a massive star dies and its core collapses. The size of a stellar black hole is determined by the mass of the dying star. Black holes can also be much larger, known as supermassive black holes, which are thought to reside at the center of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy.

Black holes are also known for their intense gravitational pull, known as "spaghettification" which causes a material to be pulled apart by gravity. This is due to the fact that the gravitational pull is stronger closer to the black hole, and weaker further away.

Black holes also emit radiation, known as Hawking radiation, which is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking who first predicted it. This radiation is caused by the quantum mechanical effect of the black hole's intense gravity.

Black holes are also known to merge with other black holes. When two black holes merge, they create a larger black hole, and release an enormous amount of energy in the form of gravitational waves. These waves were first detected in 2015, by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).

In conclusion, black holes are incredibly complex and mysterious objects that continue to fascinate scientists and the general public alike. They are formed by the collapse of massive stars, and are defined by their intense gravitational pull and event horizons. They emit radiation and merge with other black holes. The science behind black holes is rooted in the theory of general relativity, and the study of black holes continues to be an active area of research in the field of astrophysics.

The controversy over the invention of calculus between Newton and Leibniz is still mired in deep conflict.

Calculus is a branch of mathematics that explores variables. The names of two mathematicians of Europe are usually discussed in the seventeenth century.  One of them is Sir Isaac Newton and the other is Godfried Leibniz but who is ahead of the two?  Who invented the outstanding method of calculus before? Although there is a lot of technical poin of views about this debate this. Newton had started with his analytical method of fluxions in the 1670s, while Leibniz had developed his theories in a range of letters and papers.

Newton followed the geometric approach in Principia, published in 1687. He has been working since the age of twenty-three. Newton published his edition by part in 1693 and full part in 1704. According to the publication, Newton lagged behind because Leibniz began working on the subject in 1674 and published the first research paper on calculus in 1684.

No matter what Newton writes in the Principia, the success of the invention of calculus is not explicitly discussed in any research paper.  Later, Newton's notation did not prevail, Leibniz's notation was adopted.  However, Leibniz cannot be considered as an inventor.  The charge against him was that he got the initial idea about calculus by looking at Newton's work.  Historians of science have also given some evidence about this.

There is evidence. On the other hand, correspondence showing that both Newton and Leibniz knew about each other's work.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Newton had started with his analytical method of fluxions in the 1670s but moved away from this to focus on first and ultimate ratios, while Leibniz had developed his theories in a range of letters and papers. As Bertoloni Meli argues (1993), on one level, there was relatively little difference between the Leibnizian calculus and Newton’s analytical calculus, a view with which Guicciardini (1999) concurs, pointing out that both men had similar approaches to the existence of infinitesimals. However, Newton and Leibniz, the two opposition parties, they don’t think so much during the conflict. They tried to establish his dignity in any way. Newton's side was relatively strong by few learned mathematicians. Leibniz's side was weaker than his. This antagonism between the British Newton and the German Leibniz made the last few years of Leibniz's life bitter.

Sir Isaac Newton

But the most surprising thing was that at that time The Royal Society of England abandoned all neutrality and came down in support of Newton. When Leibniz sent a letter to the Society about his own success, the Society's authorities gave Newton the task of judging, considering, and reporting on it and then Newton put forward his own invention. Although the controversy over the discovery of calculus between Newton and Leibniz  is still mired in deep conflict.

Who actually invented wireless telegraphy, Jagadish Chandra Bose or Marconi

The question remains!!!

They have faced conflicts in many ways, first as Indians and then as Bengalis. Shouldn't Jagadish Chandra Bose have rights on the Nobel Prize that Marconi won in 1909 jointly with Karl Ferdinand Braun? Who invented wireless telegraphy in 1895 and what is the actual history behind the invention of wireless telegraph? Isn't that honor that Marconi got for the development of wireless telegraphy using the theory of Jagadish Chandra Bose? Isn't ? Even today, many people listen to this debate and ask, what exactly did Jagadish Chandra Bose make that Marconi get success using his theory? The question remains.

Image of Jagadish Chandra Bose

Who is Jagadish Chandra Bose and what is the contribution of him?

Coherer receiver, by Guglielmo Marconi, 1896

He was the first scientist who discover that plants have the same life cycle as living organisms, they also give rise to excitement. He proved that trees can feel pain. He invented the crescograph to analyze and understand the effectiveness of various stimuli in plants. The science behind capturing radio waves is first demonstrated by Jagadish Chandra Bose. He wrote two books: ‘Response in the Living and Non-living’ and ‘The Nervous Mechanism of Plants’. He also conducted research on radio waves. He improved an instrument called the Coherer that was used to detect radio waves. This is the contribution of Jagadish Chandra Bose. In December 1895  the british magazine, The Electrician, praised this Coherer instrument. In April 1899, The Proceedings of The Royal Society published Jagadish Chandra Bose's research paper.

The circuit of a coherer receiver

But now, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose’s place in history has been re-evaluated by IEEE, and is credited with the invention of the world’s first wireless detection device. Marking the 100th anniversary of the diode and the 50th anniversary of the transistor, a special issue of the New York-based Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE), made out a definitive case for Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, the Indian biologist and physicist.

Bose’s wireless demonstration was remarkable for a couple of reasons. First, it was two years before Marconi’s first public demonstrations of wireless telegraphy in England. Also Marconi was interested in commercializing, Bose’s interest was purely academic. Bose refused to patent nearly all of his inventions that would spring from his tiny workshop, on the principle that ideas should be shared freely.

 

History:

He never patented his work. While Marconi was celebrating his discovery, Bose was unknown to many, as he never patented his work. He developed a component of the electrical circuit that could be used to receive radio signals Uninterruptedly. This device is called Coherer. Before the invention of Jagadish Chandra Bose, all the coherer that was available in the market had a flaw. Once the electromagnetic signal was received, it took some time to return again to a functional state. There was nothing fault of the Coherer system, which he make in U-shaped tube using mercury and iron. In December 1895  the british magazine, The Electrician, praised this  instrument. In April 1899, The Proceedings of The Royal Society published Jagadish Chandra Bose's research paper.

Image of Marconi with coherer

Interestingly again, Jagdish Chandra's notebook was mysteriously lost during a visit to London the same year. There was a perfect explanation about this coherer. But Marconi said that he knew nothing about it. He received the coherer from a Lieutenant of the Italian Navy and his childhood friend Luigi Solari. Prabir Bandyopadhyay, a Bengali technologist at The Johnson Space Center in Houston, wrote a great article on this subject. It was published in The Proceedings of IEEE, a world-renowned organization in New York. The full name of the company is Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers. Prabir Bandyopadhyay in his long article of twenty-seven pages shows that Marconi skillfully played hide and seek with his coherer. This Italian technologist did not reveal the actual information.